1901

EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING (Biography) for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths.

1902

SIR RONALD ROSS .(Biography) for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful resesarch on this disease and methods of combating it.

1903

NIELS RYBERG FINSEN (Biography) in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science.

1904

IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV (Biography) in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.

1905

ROBERT KOCH (Biography) for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis.

1906

The prize was awarded jointly to:

CAMILLO GOLGI (Biography) and SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL (Biography) in recognition of their work on the stucture of the nervous system.

1907

CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN (Biography) in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases.

1908

The prize was awarded jointly to:

ILYA ILYICH MECHNIKOV (Biography) and PAUL EHRLICH (Biography) in recognition of their work on immunity.

1909

EMIL THEODOR KOCHER (Biography) for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland.

1910

ALBRECHT KOSSEL (Biography) in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.

1911

ALLVAR GULLSTRAND (Biography) for his work on the dioptrics of the eye.

1912

ALEXIS CARREL (Biography) in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood-vessels and organs.

1913

CHARLES ROBERT RICHET (Biography) in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis.

1914

ROBERT BÁRÁNY (Biography) for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus.

1915-1918

The prize money for 1915-1918 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1919

JULES BORDET (Biography) for his discoveries relating to immunity.

1920

SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERGER KROGH (Biography) for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism.

1921

The prize money for 1921 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1922

The prize was divided equally between:

SIR ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL (Biography) for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle

and

OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF (Biography) for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle.

1923

SIR FREDERICK GRANT BANTING (Biography) and JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD (Biography) for the discovery of insulin.

1924

WILLEM EINTHOVEN (Biography) for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram.

1925

The prize money for 1925 was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1926

JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER (Biography) for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma.

1927

JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG (Biography) for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.

1928

CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE (Biography) for his work on typhus.

1929

The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

CHRISTIAAN EIJKMAN (Biography) for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

and the other half awarded to:

SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS (Biography) for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.

1930

KARL LANDSTEINER (Biography) for his discovery of human blood groups.

1931

OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG (Biography) for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.

1932

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON (Biography) and LORD EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN (Biography) for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.

1933

THOMAS HUNT MORGAN (Biography) for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.

1934

The prize was awarded jointly to:

GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE (Biography) , GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT (Biography) and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY (Biography) for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia.

1935

HANS SPEMANN (Biography) for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.

1936

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR HENRY HALLETT DALE (Biography) and OTTO LOEWI (Biography) for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

1937

ALBERT SZENT-GYÖRGYI VON NAGYRAPOLT (Biography) for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid.

1938

CORNEILLE JEAN FRANÇOIS HEYMANS (Biography) for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration.

1939

GERHARD DOMAGK (Biography) for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.)

1940-1942

The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section.

1943

The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

HENRIK CARL PETER DAM (Biography) for his discovery of vitamin K.

and the other half to:

EDWARD ADELBERT DOISY (Biography) for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K.

1944

The prize was awarded jointly to

JOSEPH ERLANGER (Biography) and HERBERT SPENCER GASSER (Biography) for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres.

1945

The prize was awarded jointly to:

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING (Biography) , SIR ERNST BORIS CHAIN (Biography) and LORD HOWARD WALTER FLOREY (Biography) for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.

1946

HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER (Biography) for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation.

1947

The prize was divided, one half awarded jointly to:

CARL FERDINAND CORI (Biography) and GERTY THERESA CORI née RADNITZ (Biography) for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

the other half awarded to:

BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY (Biography) for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.

1948

PAUL HERMANN MÜLLER (Biography) for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arth ropods.

1949

The prize was divided equally, one half awarded to:

WALTER RUDOLF HESS (Biography) for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs

and the other half to:

ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ (Biography) for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses.

1950

The prize was awarded jointly to:

EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL (Biography) , TADEUS REICHSTEIN (Biography) and PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH (Biography) for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects.